TFF1 and viral encephalitis: In sharp contrast to the down-regulation of TFF1 in gastric inflammation, TFF1 expression is ectopically induced in different organs in chronic inflammatory diseases [59,93,94] as well as in different animal models of inflammation, such as encephalitis [95], asthma [62,96], pancreatitis [94], and in the murine spleen after Toxoplasma gondii infection [97,98].