A higher concentration of colibactin biosynthetic byproducts in the urine of patients with urinary tract infection (UTI) relative to healthy individuals, and an archetypal UTI strain of pks+ E. coli causes DNA damage within the regenerative compartment of the bladder after transurethral infection in mice, suggesting a potential role for these microbes in bladder cancer [75]. This evidence concerns the gene ARAF and bacterial urinary tract infection.