TNF and Arthritis: Once daily administration of L. casei in capsule (contained 108 colony-forming unit) consumption treatment over a period of 8 weeks reduced the swelling of joints, arthritis-related disease activity score-28, serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels, and proinflammatory cytokines, especially TNF-α and IL-12 in women with RA relative to the placebo-treated control group.