Recently, the focus has shifted back to cancer germline antigen with a Phase I study conducted by Ishihara et al. where a novel polysaccharide-based antigen delivery system known as cholesteryl pullulan (CHP) was used with NY-ESO-1 antigen (CHP-NY-ESO-1 vaccine) plus a the adjuvant (MIS416, a non-toxic microparticle that activates the immune system via the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2) and TLR9 pathways) was given to NY-ESO-1-expressing refractory solid tumour patients (prostate cancer, urothelial cancer and synovial sarcoma) [41]. Here, NOD2 is linked to cancer.