Hilf et al.’s Phase I trial investigated a two-step system, the Glioma Actively Personalized Vaccine Consortium (GAPVAC), consisting of 7 non-mutated TAA peptide vaccine (APVAC1) followed by six non-mutated tumour-HLA class I peptides part of each patient immunopeptidome + 14 (19-mer) predicted HLA class I-binding neoantigens vaccine (APVAC2) with poly-ICLC and GM-CSF as adjuvants in newly diagnosed HLA-A*02:1 or HLA-A*24:2 glioblastoma patients during TMZ maintenance therapy [46]. Here, CSF2 is linked to central nervous system cancer.