PPARA and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: In a model where a high fat diet-induced obesity in hamsters, DOW reduced liver lipid accumulation by discharging lipids and bile acids through feces, and it increased fatty acid oxidation and decreased liver lipid accumulation by enhancing peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPAR-α), retinoid X receptor alpha (RXR-α), and uncoupling protein-2 (UCP2) mRNA expression levels.