TNF and serum lipopolysaccharide activity: Since the novel peptide KCF18 could simultaneously inhibit three cytokines (namely TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6), we conducted this study to determine whether the simultaneous inhibition of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 by the KCF18 peptide could exert beneficial effects against endotoxemia (i.e., a model of monomicrobial sepsis).