In a study by Gouda et al. [71], serum levels of IL-1α and IL-1β were elevated in T1DM patients in an age-dependent manner, in accordance with the findings by Dogan et al. [72], where elevated levels of IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, and TNF-a were reported in 27 children with T1DM compared to controls. Here, TNF is linked to type 1 diabetes mellitus.