VCAM1 and type 1 diabetes mellitus: Another study by Machnica et al. reported that markers of endothelial destruction, including intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), VCAM-1, E-selectin, TNF-a and IL-6, were significantly increased in patients with T1DM and disease duration 5.13 ± 2.18 years compared to controls, indicating that endothelial dysfunction is present early in the course of T1DM [109].