TNF and type 1 diabetes mellitus: In a study by Fatima et al. [90], the activity of antioxidant enzymes in plasma such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione reductase was significantly downregulated in 29 T1DM subjects compared to healthy controls, with a concomitant increase in the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-17A, IL-23, IFN-γ and TNF-α.