In general, the natural history of COVID-19 encompasses excessive circulating levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-17, interferon gamma (IFNγ), TNF-α, CXCL10 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and is associated with progression to ARDS, sepsis and acute mortality [80,81]. Here, CCL2 is linked to acute respiratory distress syndrome.