Monocytes isolated directly from the blood of T1DM patients secreted higher amounts of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-1β compared to controls, which are known to induce the expansion of Th17 cell population [54], and a similar effect for IL-1β was demonstrated in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from children with diabetes [55]. This evidence concerns the gene IL1B and type 1 diabetes mellitus.