Lastly, regarding TNF-α, the stimulation of PBMCs in T1DM patients with high-M alginate and lipopolysaccharides (LPS) induced a significantly increased TNF production compared to controls [77], and Hussain et al. [78] showed a substantial hypersecretion of IL-1α and TNF-α from PBMCs both in 29 T1DM children and their healthy first-degree relatives. Here, TNF is linked to type 1 diabetes mellitus.