TNF and COVID-19: More importantly, in a case–control study from the EURODIAB Prospective Complications Study of 543 individuals with T1DM, plasma levels of CRP, IL-6, TNF-α, VCAM, and E-selectin were significantly higher in patients with macrovascular complications compared to those without [79], suggesting the role of chronic inflammation in the pathogenesis of diabetic micro- and macrovascular complications, which, in turn, have been considered the major risk factor of adverse COVID-19 outcomes in many cohorts.