ESR1 and neoplasm: In our recent study described above [32], we demonstrated that ERβ could bind to the promoter region of FOXO1, a transcription factor functioning as a tumor suppressor, in bladder cancer cells, and that E2 treatment inactivated FOXO1 in ERα-negative/ERβ-positive cells, resulting in the up-regulation of MMP-2 and VEGF as well as down-regulation of p21 and p27.