NFAT5 and infection: The inducers of NFAT5 expression in non-hypertonic environments are largely other cellular stress conditions, such as heat shock, ischaemia, infection, etc. In addition, recent studies have revealed that certain molecular factors, such as microRNAs (miRNA), long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) and epigenetic modifications, are also involved in regulating NFAT5’s expression and activation [14,19].