They observed CD4 and CD8 neoantigen-specific T cell responses, and after assessing gene expression profiles in individual neoantigen-reactive CD4 T cells directly ex-vivo they found an upregulation of genes related to cytotoxicity such as granzyme A and granulysin, suggesting that these vaccine-specific CD4 T cells may be able to kill tumor targets directly, beside their helper functions [67]. This evidence concerns the gene CD4 and neoplasm.