Although several issues have complicated the interpretation of pharmacological manipulation of AMPK by AICAR in cardiomyocytes [56], AICAr has been described to exert several beneficial effects, including improved cardiac function in a model of endotoxin-induced myocardial inflammation [57], prevention of cardiac fibrosis [58], and metabolic changes in cardiomyocytes exposed to free fatty acids that could protect the hearts of patients with type 2 diabetes against ischemia-reperfusion injury [59]. This evidence concerns the gene PRKAA1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus.