In particular, cross-talk between CSCs and tumour cells via miRNAs has been described in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) where exosomal miR-19b-3p secreted by CSCs were demonstrated to be effectively transferred to tumour cells and to induce EMT in those cells via the targeting of PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog) [59]. This evidence concerns the gene PTEN and nonpapillary renal cell carcinoma.