Another gut commensal that translocates from the gut mucosa into the system is the Enteroccoucus gallinarum, which was found to be capable of inducing a cellular and humoral autoimmune response through the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-CYP1A1 pathway triggering Th17 cell activation and anti-dsDNA antibody production in genetically susceptible lupus mice [92]. Here, AHR is linked to systemic lupus erythematosus.