NPPB and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: However, both BNP and NT-proBNP increase in a large variety of non-AMI-related settings, including some that may be accompanied by clinical symptoms comparable with AMI, such as acute heart failure and pulmonary embolism, as well as in kidney dysfunction, hypertension, chronic heart failure, myocarditis, cardiac arrhythmias, electrical cardioversion, or sepsis, precluding the use of these peptides as diagnostic AMI biomarkers, although they remain crucial for prognostic assessment in these patients [51].