CCN1 and nutritional deficiency disease: Skeletal muscle atrophy in various species has been related to CCN1/CYR61 upregulation: CCN1/CYR61 mRNA, protein, or both, are increased in atrophic mouse models of type-I diabetes [59], atrophy due to malnutrition in bovines [60], muscle waste in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) [61], atrophic muscle in mouse model of Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) [62], and aging-related sarcopenia in mice and rats [44].