Relevant to the present context are the results of a phase II trial on 28 patients with relapsed or refractory primary CNS lymphoma, showing that NGR-TNF could alter the BBTB in a transient and reversible manner and increase the efficacy of R-CHOP (rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine and prednisone), a chemotherapy regimen consisting of drugs that very poorly cross the BBTB [76,77]. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and primary central nervous system lymphoma.