It is important to note that VSV-mIFNB-NIS treatment alone did not increase PD-L1 on tumour cells, but the combination with anti-PD-L1 antibody showed improvement, which indicates that upregulation of PD-L1 by the cancer therapy is not a necessary prerequisite of the combination of that cancer therapy with anti-PD-1/PD-L1 ICBs being successful. The gene discussed is PDCD1; the disease is cancer.