The American Thyroid Association treatment guidelines base treatment on risk stratification to prevent overtreatment, and includes assessment of clinical factors (age, gender, radiation exposure and family history), pathological parameters (type and size of tumour, lymphovascular invasion, extrathyroidal extension and lymph node metastases) and molecular markers (including BRAFV600E, RAS, TP53 and TERT) [8]. The gene discussed is TERT; the disease is neoplasm.