VEGFA and cancer: The pro-inflammatory cytokine TNFα stimulated the expression of the Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) in an NF-κB dependent manner, which promoted cancer cell migration and invasion, by degrading basement membrane, and also angiogenesis, by vascular structure remodeling and the release of angiogenic factors like VEGF (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor) [101,102].