LCN2 and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: In esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, LCN2 expression is modulated by the transcription factors TCF7L2 and EGR1, leading to increased activity of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), rearrangement of cytoskeletal F-actin, as well as increased invasiveness and migration through the MEK/ERK pathway [9,10].