TGFB1 and disease arising from reactivation of latent virus: Confoundingly, tumor growth factor beta (TGFbeta) signaling can also lead to a SMAD-dependent upregulation of hsa-miR-29a (29, 30), and previous analyses of proteins secreted from HCMV latently infected CD34+ cells has shown that latent infection results in the induction of secreted TGFbeta (31), in part resulting from latency-associated expression of viral miRNA miR-US5-2 (32).