KLK3 and cancer: The base model, which included age, race, and the Lee index18 items that measure health conditions, functional status, and smoking status, already accounted for some of the selection bias between receipt of cancer screening and all-cause mortality; this is supported by our finding that the unadjusted HRs of mammogram and PSA (0.40 and 0.68 respectively) were attenuated to aHRs of 0.67 and 0.88, respectively, in the base model.