TNF and coinfection: In the inflammatory cytokine and chemokine quantifications, co-infection with H1N1 and SARS-CoV-2 in hamsters found that the abundance of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-γ, mip-1α and RANTES were higher in the co-infection, consistently, more serious histopathology changes in pulmonary oedema, alveolar infiltration and blood vessel inflammation were demonstrated [20].