CXCL8 and inflammatory bowel disease: HMGB1 has been previously reported to affect B cells through other receptors than CXCR4: it influences B‐cell activation in response to endogenous TLR9 ligands [32], and, in inflammatory bowel disease, an association between HMGB1 serum levels and IL‐8 production from B cells was observed, in a mechanism involving TLR2 and CD36 [33].