SMAD3 and pelvic inflammatory disease: Finally, we analyzed SMAD2/3 phosphorylation in Tregs from the PID patients with mutated LRRC32. Similar to Garp-deficient mice, the patients showed a diminished basal level of SMAD2/3 phosphorylation despite normal SMAD3 amounts in Tregs compared to healthy controls (Fig. 8A).