We found that expression of two NF-κB signaling key molecules, p-p65 and p-IκBα, was markedly increased in IECs isolated from PBLDIEC−/− mice compared with those from WT mice in DSS-induced colitis (Fig. 6a and Supplementary Fig. 11), indicating epithelial PBLD deficiency may enhance NF-κB activity in IECs. Here, NFKBIA is linked to colitis.