VIP and Increased total eosinophil count: In a similar context, the addition of alpha-alumina nanoparticles to VIP (α-AN/VIP) prevented its enzymatic degradation; α-AN/VIP induced a marked decrease in AHR, BALF-eosinophilia, mucus hypersecretion, goblet cell hyperplasia, IgE, and low levels of the cytokines IL-1, IL-5, IL-6, and IL-13, in comparison with ICS, such as beclomethasone (Figure 8; Athari et al., 2016).