HK1 and asthma: For example, some TACs as NKA and its receptor increased by stimulus of IFN-γ concomitantly with AHR in murine models of severe asthma (asthma resistant to classical treatment) (Kobayashi et al., 2012), even this bronchonconstrictor effect is similar to the induced by ACh in guinea pigs (Daoui et al., 2000); this effect is reproducible with other TACs (HK-1, EKA, EKB, and NKB agonist) in both animal and human models (Grassin-Delyle et al., 2010).