Furthermore, a study using LPK/Nek8/Nphp9 mutant rats found that treatment with the immunomodulatory drug dimethyl fumarate, which activates the Nrf2 pathway and inhibits NF-kB signaling, reduced macrophage infiltration but did not ameliorate cyst progression or renal insufficiency (Oey et al., 2018). Here, NFKB1 is linked to cyst.