In particular, high expression of TGF-β1 is observed in most, not all progressive forms of human and rodent kidney diseases (Kopp et al., 1996; Fan et al., 1999; Lan, 2012b; Lan and Chung, 2012), demonstrating the pathogenic role for TGF-β1 in CKD. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and kidney disorder.