Accordingly, it raises a concern regarding the ‘dark’ side of Nrf2 in these clinical therapies, especially when the treated subjects are compounded with conditions such as hypertensive, ischemic and diabetic cardiomyopathies, all of which likely have myocardial autophagy inhibition (Wang and Cui, 2017; Zang et al., 2020a). Here, NFE2L2 is linked to diabetic cardiomyopathy.