These included nine of the chemokines upregulated in epithelium from IBD patients (Figure 2B, CCL20, CCL24, CX3CL1, CXCL1, CXCL10, CXCL11, CXCL16, CXCL2, CXCL8). This evidence concerns the gene CX3CL1 and inflammatory bowel disease.