These included nine of the chemokines upregulated in epithelium from IBD patients (Figure 2B, CCL20, CCL24, CX3CL1, CXCL1, CXCL10, CXCL11, CXCL16, CXCL2, CXCL8). This evidence concerns the gene CXCL1 and inflammatory bowel disease.