VCAM1 and hyperlipidemia: Hypertension (Li et al., 2020a), hyperlipidemia (Drechsler et al., 2010), chronic smoking (Naya et al., 2011), and changes in shear stress (Chatzizisis et al., 2007) are risk factors for atherosclerosis; all result in inflammation and endothelial cell dysfunction, causing changes in permeability and expression of adhesion molecules such as vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and E-selectin (Tabas et al., 2015).