TNF and injury: Pioglitazone treatment also affects intestinal TNF-α [40]; increased IL-4 but decreased IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-6 [41]; decreased lung adenoma [42]; decreased NO, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8; increased IL-4 and IL-10 levels in LPS-stimulated astrocytes [43]; and decreased degranulation and adhesion of neutrophils in LPS-induced lung injury [44].