TNF and neurodegenerative disease: Of note, TNF-α has been reported to promote necroptosis mediated by receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1), RIPK3, and MLKL (Ofengeim and Yuan, 2013), which can robustly elicit the cascade of the inflammation responses, further magnifying the deleterious pro-inflammatory microenvironment that mediates the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative diseases (Yuan et al., 2019).