Owing to the importance of JAK2/STAT pathway in hematological malignancies [22, 23], and recurrent aberrations of JAK2 in several types of lymphoma, especially T-cell lymphoma [24], we hypothesized that GM-CSF might induce disease progression of ENKTL via JAK/STAT/PD-L1 axis. Here, CSF2 is linked to T-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma.