INS and Insulin resistance: Preclinical studies carried out in cellular and animal models have shown that cardiac insulin resistance is associated with an impairment in the insulin signalling cascade involving the activation of phosphatidylinositol3-kinase (PI3K) and its downstream substrate, protein kinase B (Akt) upon binding of insulin to its receptor, and phosphorylation on tyrosine residues of IRS-1/2 proteins [23].