BGLAP and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Acute or prolonged stress is typically associated with insulin resistance to ensure sufficient glucose disposal to peripheral tissues.112–114 Along these lines, Ocn−/− mice exhibited reduced circulating levels of glucose after exposure to stress, suggestive of impaired counterregulatory mechanisms.74 However, previously published data has suggested that Ocn−/− mice are characterized by insulin resistance and obesity.111 As such, the lack of OCN apparently evokes opposing effects on glucose homeostasis under basal and stressful conditions, respectively.