CTLA4 and heart failure: Using chemotherapy as a reference group, we found that the risk of heart failure was significantly lower in patients receiving anti-CTLA4, OR = 0.08 (95% CI 0.03–0.20, q <  0.001), anti-PD-(L)1, OR = 0.50 (95% CI 0.37–0.69, q <  0.001), and combination immunotherapy, OR = 0.25 (95% CI 0.13–0.48, q <  0.001) (Fig. 2a).