Indeed, pivotal pro-inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β), may be secreted by tumor-associated macrophages to further promote tumor cell growth, migration, invasion, and the epithelial to mesenchymal transition, mainly via the NF-κB pathway (10, 24–26). This evidence concerns the gene TNF and neoplasm.