In virtue of the reprogramming by cancer cells, GC-MSC exhibit a higher secretion of inflammatory cytokines than naïve MSC, e.g., interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-8, transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1), ect, which in turn display superior efficiency in facilitating cancer cell growth, invasion, migration and tumorigenesis in vitro and in vivo (36, 37). This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and cancer.