Although PepT1 expression can be upregulated in the IBD colon due to its transport of bacterial peptides into cells, PepT1 can also transport Ala-Gln into intestinal cells and bloodstream to inhibit inflammation [47], such as anti-inflammatory peptides VPY [29], KPV [26], IPAV [48], and β-Ala-His [49]. Here, SLC15A1 is linked to inflammatory bowel disease.