MDS is associated with immune dysregulation and an increased release of inflammatory cytokines, including tumor-necrosis factor alpha, interferon-gamma, transforming growth factor-ß, and interleukins (e.g., IL-6, IL-10), which are expressed by mesenchymal stromal cells, hematopoietic cells, and T cells in the bone marrow microenvironment [29, 30]. The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is myelodysplastic syndrome.