Mutations in genes such as TP53, TET2, DNMT3A, IDH2, and RAS have been associated with worse outcomes in patients with MDS, but further research is needed to determine how these mutations apply to next-generation sequencing and the prognostic significance and clinical efficacy of measuring pre- or post-HCT MRD in MDS [119, 120]. Here, IDH2 is linked to myelodysplastic syndrome.