Using previously developed cytoplasmic and membrane recognition algorithms [27, 28], respectively for the PyVT (cytoplasmic signals) (Fig. 7a) and the ErbB2 (membrane signals) (Fig. 7b), the study quantitated both the fluorescent and the immunocytochemical signals of the respective transgenes in normal ducts, ducts with hyperplasia, ducts with carcinoma in situ (DCIS), and invasive carcinoma and compared the relative intensities. Here, ERBB2 is linked to cancer.