On the basis of their validation across independent cohorts (32), the most robust markers for IPA identified thus far include well-known components of the immune response to A. fumigatus, such as the soluble pattern recognition molecule pentraxin-3 (PTX3) (29, 32) and the C-type lectin receptor dectin-1 (31, 34). Here, CLEC4D is linked to Ito hypomelanosis.