Regardless of harsh conditions, these methods were recently utilized for the synthesis of Fmoc-Tyr(PO3H2)-OH,23,49,50O-phospho-3,5-difluorotyrosine51 and cyclosaligenyl phosphodiester moiety (Fig. 3A).52 Chu et al. proposed the cyclosaligenyl phosphodiester (cpY) as a novel phosphotyrosine mimetic and showed that cpY-containing dipeptides inhibited the interaction between SLAM (signaling lymphocytic activation molecule) and SH2-containing SAP (SLAM-associated protein).52 SLAM and SAP are involved in immune cell interactions and considered as potential targets for autoimmune disease therapy. This evidence concerns the gene SLAMF1 and autoimmune disease.