Another approach to exploit natural DCs in cancer vaccines is targeting and modulating the endogenous DC subpopulations in vivo. This targeting goal can be implemented by various strategies involving GM-CSF-secreting irradiated tumor cells, conjugation of antigens or antigen-loaded nanoparticles to ligands directing against DC surface receptors (e.g., CD40, DEC205, Langerin or Clec9A), or using injectable controlled-release platforms that are engineered to release chemokines, tumor antigens and adjuvants (Sabado et al., 2017; Calmeiro et al., 2019). Here, CSF2 is linked to neoplasm.