For example, PVT1 facilitates atrial fibrosis through regulating miR-128-3p–SP1 in patients with AF (Cao et al., 2019); knockdown of KCNQ1OT1 attenuates Ang II caused AF (Shen et al., 2018); NRON relieves atrial fibrosis via enhancing the NFATc3 phosphorylation (Wang et al., 2019). This evidence concerns the gene SP1 and atrial fibrillation.