CD274 and non-small cell lung carcinoma: Specifically, several AI models have been developed for PD-L1 analysis: for instance, a deep learning model was developed for epithelial cell segmentation in PD-L1 images19–21, and a semi-supervised method was proposed for stratification of non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) for anti-PD-L1 immunotherapy by registering images at different magnifications22.