VANGL1 and neoplasm: Previously, we observed that higher levels of KITENIN are co-expressed in tumor tissues from metastatic CRC patients who exhibit poor responses to cetuximab/chemotherapy [12, 13], and that HCT116 and Caco2 cells expressing higher levels of endogenous KITENIN are more resistant to cetuximab than DLD1 and SW620 cells expressing lower KITENIN [12].