TNF and Cirrhosis: Patients with cirrhosis are in a state of excessive activation of pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., TNF-α and IL-6), decreased phagocytic activity and complement synthesis, impaired neutrophil function, and Kupffer cell production, that predisposes them to bacterial infection and sepsis, which further leads to sepsis-induced organ failure and mortality [4, 19, 20].